China’s Military Strategy (2015)

China’s Military  Strategy (2015)

The State  Council Information Office of the People’s Republic of China

May 2015

中国的军事战略

中华人民共和国国务院新闻办公室

2015 年 5 月

Preface

The world today is undergoing  unprecedented changes, and China is at a critical stage of reform and  development. In their endeavor to realize the Chinese Dream of great national  rejuvenation, the Chinese people aspire to join hands with the rest of the world  to maintain peace, pursue development and share prosperity.

China’s destiny is vitally interrelated  with that of the world as a whole. A prosperous and stable world would  provide China with opportunities, while China’s peaceful development also  offers an opportunity for the whole world. China will unswervingly follow the  path of peaceful development, pursue an independent foreign policy of peace  and a national defense policy that is defensive in nature, oppose  hegemonism  and power politics in all forms, and will never seek  hegemony or expansion. China’s armed forces will remain a staunch force in  maintaining world peace.

Building a strong national defense and  powerful armed forces is a strategic task of China’s modernization drive and  a security guarantee for China’s peaceful development. Subordinate to and  serving the national strategic goal, China’s military strategy is an  overarching guidance for blueprinting and directing the building and  employment of the country’s armed forces. At this new historical starting  point, China’s armed forces will adapt themselves to new changes in the  national security environment, firmly follow the goal of the Communist Party  of China (CPC) to build a strong military for the new situation, implement  the military strategic guideline of active defense in the new situation,  accelerate the modernization of national defense and armed forces, resolutely  safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and development interests, and  provide a strong guarantee for achieving the national strategic goal of the  “two centenaries” and for realizing the Chinese Dream of achieving the great rejuvenation

of the Chinese nation.

前言

当今世界正面临前所未有之大变局，当代中国正处于改革发展的关键阶段。中国人民在为实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的奋斗中，希望同世界各国一道共护和平、共谋发展、共享繁荣。  

中国同世界的命运紧密相连、息息相  关，世界繁荣稳定是中国的机遇，中国和平发展也是世界的机遇。中国将始终不渝走和平发展道路，奉行独立自主的和平外交政策和防御性国防政策，反对各种形式的霸权主义和强权政治，永远不称霸，永远不搞扩张。中国军队始终是维护世界和平的坚定力量。  

建设巩固国防和强大军队是中国现代化建设的战略任务，是国家和平发展的安全保障。军事战略是筹划和指导军事力量建设和运用的总方略，服从服务于国家战略目标。站在新的历史起点上，中国军队适应国家安全环境新变化，紧紧围绕实现中国共产党在新形势下的强军目标，贯彻新形势下积极防御军事战略方针，加快推进国防和军队现代化，坚决维护国家主权、安全、发展利益，为实现”两个一百年”奋斗目标和中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦提供坚强保障。  

I. National Security Situation

In today’s world, the global trends toward  multi- polarity and economic globalization are intensifying, and an  information society is rapidly coming into being. Countries are increasingly  bound together in a community of shared destiny. Peace, development,  cooperation and  mutual benefit have become an irresistible tide of the times.

Profound changes are taking place in the  international situation, as manifested in the historic changes in the balance  of power, global governance structure, Asia-Pacific geostrategic landscape,  and international competition in the economic, scientific and technological,  and military fields. The forces for world peace are on the rise, so are the  factors against war. In the foreseeable future, a world war is unlikely, and  the international situation is expected to remain generally peaceful. There  are, however, new threats from hegemonism, power politics and  neo-interventionism. International competition for the redistribution of  power, rights and interests is tending to intensify. Terrorist activities are  growing increasingly worrisome. Hotspot issues, such as ethnic, religious,  border and territorial disputes, are complex and volatile. Small- scale wars,  conflicts and crises are recurrent in some regions. Therefore, the world still  faces both immediate   and   potential    threats   of   local wars.

With a generally favorable  external environment, China will remain in an important period of strategic  opportunities for its development, a period in which much can be achieved.  China’s comprehensive national strength, core competitiveness and  risk-resistance capacity are notably increasing, and China enjoys growing  international standing and influence. Domestically, the Chinese people’s  standard of living has remarkably improved, and Chinese society remains  stable. China, as a large developing country, still faces multiple and  complex security threats, as well as increasing external impediments and  challenges. Subsistence and development  security concerns, as

well as  traditional and non-traditional security threats are interwoven.   Therefore, China has an

一、国家安全形势

当今时代，世界多极化、经济全球化、社会信息化深入发展，国际社会日益成为你中有我、我中有你的命运共同体，  和平、发展、合作、共赢成为不可阻挡的时代潮流。

国际形势深刻演变，国际力量对比、全球治理体系结构、亚太地缘战略格局和国际经济、科技、军事竞争格局正在发生历史性变化。维护和平的力量上升，  制约战争的因素增多，在可预见的未 来，世界大战打不起来，总体和平态势可望保持。但是，霸权主义、强权政治和新干涉主义将有新的发展，各种国际力量围绕权力和权益再分配的斗争趋于激烈，恐怖主义活动日益活跃，民族宗教矛盾、边界领土争端等热点复杂多  变，小战不断、冲突不止、危机频发仍是一些地区的常态，世界依然面临现实和潜在的局部战争威胁。  

中国发展仍将处于可以大有作为的重要战略机遇期，外部环境总体有利。国家综合国力、核心竞争力、抵御风险能力显著增强，国际地位和国际影响力显著提高，人民生活显著改善，社会大局保持稳定。作为一个发展中大国，中国仍然面临多元复杂的安全威胁，遇到的外部阻力和挑战逐步增多，生存安全问题和发展安全问题、传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁相互交织，维护国家统一、

维护领土完整、维护发展利益的任务艰巨繁重。

arduous  task to safeguard its national unification,

territorial integrity and development  interests.

As the world economic and strategic center  of gravity is shifting ever more rapidly to the Asia- Pacific region, the US  carries on its “rebalancing” strategy and enhances its military presence and  its military alliances in this region. Japan is sparing no effort to dodge  the post-war mechanism, overhauling its military and security policies. Such  development has caused grave concerns among other countries in the region. On  the issues concerning China’s territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and  interests, some of its offshore neighbors take provocative actions and  reinforce their military presence on China’s reefs and islands that they have  illegally occupied. Some external countries are also busy meddling in South  China Sea affairs; a tiny few maintain constant close-in air and sea  surveillance and reconnaissance against China. It is thus a long-standing  task for China to safeguard its maritime rights and interests. Certain  disputes over land territory are still smoldering. The Korean Peninsula and  Northeast Asia are shrouded in instability and uncertainty. Regional  terrorism, separatism and extremism are rampant. All these have a negative  impact on the security and stability along China’s periphery.

The Taiwan issue bears on  China’s reunification and long-term development, and reunification is an  inevitable trend in the course of national rejuvenation. In recent years,  cross-Taiwan Straits relations have sustained a sound momentum of peaceful  development, but the root cause of instability has not yet been removed, and  the “Taiwan independence” separatist forces and their activities are still  the biggest threat to the peaceful development of cross-Straits relations.  Further, China faces a formidable task to maintain political security and  social stability. Separatist forces for “East Turkistan independence” and  “Tibet independence” have inflicted serious damage, particularly with  escalating violent terrorist activities by “East Turkistan independence”  forces. Besides, anti-China forces have never given up their attempt to  instigate a “color revolution” in this country. Consequently, China faces  more challenges in terms of national security and social stability. With the  growth of China’s national

随着世界经济和战略重心加速向亚太地区转移，美国持续推进亚太”再平衡”  战略，强化其地区军事存在和军事同盟体系。日本积极谋求摆脱战后体制，大幅调整军事安全政策，国家发展走向引起地区国家高度关注。个别海上邻国在涉及中国领土主权和海洋权益问题上采取挑衅性举动，在非法”占据”的中方岛礁上加强军事存在。一些域外国家也极力插手南海事务，个别国家对华保持高频度海空抵近侦察，海上方向维权斗争将长期存在。一些陆地领土争端也依然存在。朝鲜半岛和东北亚地区局势存在诸多不稳定和不确定因素。地区恐怖主义、分裂主义、极端主义活动猖獗，  也对中国周边安全稳定带来不利影响。

台湾问题事关国家统一和长远发展，国家统一是中华民族走向伟大复兴的历史必然。近年来两岸关系保持和平发展良好势头，但影响台海局势稳定的根源并未消除，”台独”分裂势力及其分裂活动仍然是两岸关系和平发展的最大威  胁。维护国家政治安全和社会稳定的任务艰巨繁重，”东突”“藏独”分裂势力危害严重，特别是”东突”暴力恐怖活动威胁升级，反华势力图谋制造”颜色革命”，国家安全和社会稳定面临更多挑战。随着国家利益不断拓展，国际和地区局势动荡、恐怖主义、海盗活  动、重大自然灾害和疾病疫情等都可能

对国家安全构成威胁，海外能源资源、战略通道安全以及海外机构、人员和资

interests,  its  national security is more  vulnerable to

international and regional turmoil,  terrorism, piracy, serious natural disasters and epidemics, and the security  of overseas interests concerning energy and resources, strategic sea lines of  communication (SLOCs), as well as institutions, personnel and assets    abroad,   has   become   an    imminent issue.

The world revolution in military affairs  (RMA) is proceeding to a new stage. Long-range, precise, smart, stealthy and  unmanned weapons and equipment are becoming increasingly sophisticated. Outer  space and cyber space have become new commanding heights in strategic  competition among all parties. The form of war is accelerating its evolution  to informationization. World major powers are actively adjusting their  national security strategies and defense policies, and speeding up their  military transformation and force restructuring. The aforementioned  revolutionary changes in military technologies and the form of war have not  only had a significant impact on the international political and military  landscapes, but also  posed  new  and  severe  challenges  to China’s

military security.

产安全等海外利益安全问题凸显。

世界新军事革命深入发展，武器装备远程精确化、智能化、隐身化、无人化趋势明显，太空和网络空间成为各方战略竞争新的制高点，战争形态加速向信息化战争演变。世界主要国家积极调整国家安全战略和防务政策，加紧推进军事转型，重塑军事力量体系。军事技术和战争形态的革命性变化，对国际政治军事格局产生重大影响，对中国军事安全带来新的严峻挑战。  

II. Missions and Strategic  Tasks of China’s Armed Forces

China’s national strategic  goal is to complete the building of a moderately prosperous society in all  respects by 2021 when the CPC celebrates its centenary; and the building of a  modern socialist country that is prosperous, strong, democratic, culturally advanced  and harmonious by 2049 when the People’s Republic of China (PRC) marks its  centenary. It is a Chinese Dream of achieving the great rejuvenation of the  Chinese nation. The Chinese Dream is to make the country strong. China’s  armed forces take their dream of making the military strong as part of the  Chinese Dream. Without a strong military, a country can be neither safe nor  strong. In the new historical period, aiming at the CPC’s goal of building a  strong military in the new situation, China’s armed forces will unswervingly  adhere to the principle of the CPC’s absolute leadership, uphold combat  effectiveness as the sole and fundamental standard, carry on their glorious  traditions, and work to build themselves into a people’s military that  follows the CPC’s commands, can fight and win, and boasts a fine style of work.

In the new circumstances, the national  security issues facing China encompass far more subjects, extend over a  greater range, and cover a longer time span than at any time in the country’s  history. Internally and externally, the factors at play are more complex than  ever before. Therefore, it is necessary to uphold a holistic view of national  security, balance internal and external security, homeland and citizen  security, traditional and non- traditional security, subsistence and  development security, and China’s own security and the common security of the  world.

To realize China’s national strategic goal  and implement the holistic view of national security, new requirements have  been raised for innovative development of China’s military strategy and the  accomplishment of military missions and tasks. In response to the new  requirement of safeguarding national security and development interests,  China’s armed forces will work harder to create a favorable

二、军队使命和战略任务

中国的国家战略目标，就是实现在中国共产党成立一百年时全面建成小康社 会、在新中国成立一百年时建成富强民主文明和谐的社会主义现代化国家的奋斗目标，就是实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦。中国梦是强国梦，对军队来说就是强军梦。强军才能卫国，强国必须强军。新的历史时期，中国军队以中国共产党在新形势下的强军目标为总纲，  毫不动摇坚持党对军队绝对领导，始终把战斗力作为唯一的根本的标准，大力弘扬光荣传统和优良作风，建设一支听党指挥、能打胜仗、作风优良的人民军队。  

在新的时代条件下，中国国家安全内涵和外延比历史上任何时候都要丰富，时空领域比历史上任何时候都要宽广，内外因素比历史上任何时候都要复杂，必须坚持总体国家安全观，统筹内部安全和外部安全、国土安全和国民安全、传统安全和非传统安全、生存安全和发展安全、自身安全和共同安全。  

实现国家战略目标，贯彻总体国家安全观，对创新发展军事战略、有效履行军队使命任务提出了新的需求。要适应维护国家安全和发展利益的新要求，更加

注重运用军事力量和手段营造有利战略态势，为实现和平发展提供坚强有力的

strategic  posture with more emphasis on the

employment of military forces and means,  and provide a solid security guarantee for the country’s peaceful  development. In response to the new requirement arising from the changing  security situation, the armed forces will constantly innovate strategic  guidance and operational thoughts so as to ensure the capabilities of  fighting and winning. In response to the new requirement arising from the  worldwide RMA, the armed forces will pay close attention to the challenges in  new security domains, and work hard to seize the strategic initiative in  military competition. In response to the new requirement coming from the  country’s growing strategic interests, the armed forces will actively  participate in both regional and international security cooperation and  effectively secure China’s overseas interests. And in response to the new  requirement arising from China’s all-round and deepening reform, the armed  forces will continue to follow the path of civil-military integration (CMI),  actively participate in the country’s economic and social construction, and  firmly maintain social stability, so as to remain a staunch force for  upholding the CPC’s ruling position and a reliable force for developing  socialism with Chinese characteristics.

China’s armed forces will  effectively perform their missions in the new historical period, resolutely  uphold the leadership of the CPC and the socialist system with Chinese  characteristics, safeguard China’s sovereignty, security and development  interests, safeguard the important period of strategic opportunities for  China’s development, maintain regional and world peace, and strive to provide  a strong guarantee for completing the building of a moderately prosperous  society in all respects and achieving the great rejuvenation of the Chinese  nation.

安全保障；适应国家安全形势发展的新要求，不断创新战略指导和作战思想，  确保能打仗、打胜仗；适应世界新军事革命的新要求，高度关注应对新型安全领域挑战，努力掌握军事竞争战略主动权；适应国家战略利益发展的新要求， 积极参与地区和国际安全合作，有效维护海外利益安全；适应国家全面深化改革的新要求，坚持走军民融合式发展道路，积极支援国家经济社会建设，坚决维护社会大局稳定，使军队始终成为党巩固执政地位的中坚力量和建设中国特色社会主义的可靠力量。  

中国军队有效履行新的历史时期军队使命，坚决维护中国共产党的领导和中国特色社会主义制度，坚决维护国家主  权、安全、发展利益，坚决维护国家发展的重要战略机遇期，坚决维护地区与世界和平，为全面建成小康社会、实现中华民族伟大复兴提供坚强保障。  

China’s armed forces mainly  shoulder the following strategic tasks:

-- To deal with a wide range of emergencies  and military threats, and effectively safeguard the sovereignty and security  of China’s territorial land, air and sea;

-- To resolutely safeguard the unification  of the motherland;

-- To safeguard China’s security and  interests in new domains;

-- To safeguard the security of China’s  overseas interests;

-- To maintain strategic deterrence and  carry out nuclear counterattack;

-- To participate in regional and  international security cooperation and maintain regional and world peace;

-- To strengthen efforts in operations  against infiltration, separatism and terrorism so as to maintain China’s  political security and social stability; and

-- To perform such tasks as emergency  rescue and disaster relief, rights and interests protection, guard duties,  and support for national economic and social development.

中国军队主要担负以下战略任务：

--应对各种突发事件和军事威胁，有效维护国家领土、领空、领海主权和安  全；

--坚决捍卫祖国统一；

--维护新型领域安全和利益；

--维护海外利益安全；

--保持战略威慑，组织核反击行动；

--参加地区和国际安全合作，维护地区和世界和平；  

--加强反渗透、反分裂、反恐怖斗争，  维护国家政治安全和社会稳定；

--担负抢险救灾、维护权益、安保警戒和支援国家经济社会建设等任务。  

III. Strategic Guideline  of Active Defense

The strategic concept of active defense is  the essence of the CPC’s military strategic thought. From the long-term  practice of revolutionary wars, the people’s armed forces have developed a  complete set of strategic concepts of active defense, which boils down to:  adherence to the unity of strategic defense and operational and tactical  offense; adherence to the principles of defense, self- defense and  post-emptive strike; and adherence to the stance that “We will not attack  unless we are attacked, but we will surely counterattack if attacked.”

Shortly after the founding of the PRC in  1949, the Central Military Commission (CMC) established the military  strategic guideline of active defense, and later, in line with the  developments  and changes in the national security situation, had made a  number of major revisions of it. In 1993 the military strategic guideline of  the new era was formulated, which took winning local wars in conditions of  modern technology, particularly high technology, as the basic point in making  preparation for military struggle (PMS). In 2004, the guideline was further  substantiated, and the basic point for PMS was modified to winning local wars  under conditions of informationization.

China’s socialist nature, fundamental  national interests and the objective requirement of taking the path of  peaceful development all demand that China unswervingly adhere to and enrich  the strategic concept of active defense. Guided by national security and  development strategies, and required by the situation and their tasks in the  new historical period, China’s armed forces will continue to implement the  military strategic guideline of active defense and enhance military strategic  guidance as the times so require. They will further broaden strategic vision,  update strategic thinking and make strategic guidance more forward-looking. A  holistic approach will be taken to balance war preparation and war  prevention, rights protection and stability maintenance,    deterrence    and    warfighting, and

operations in wartime and employment of military

三、积极防御战略方针

积极防御战略思想是中国共产党军事战略思想的基本点。在长期革命战争实践中，人民军队形成了一整套积极防御战略思想，坚持战略上防御与战役战斗上进攻的统一，坚持防御、自卫、后发制人的原则，坚持”  人不犯我，我不犯人；人若犯我，我必犯人”。

新中国成立后，中央军委确立积极防御军事战略方针，并根据国家安全形势发展变化对积极防御军事战略方针的内容进行了多次调整。1993  年，制定新时期军事战略方针，以打赢现代技术特别是高技术条件下局部战争为军事斗争准备基点。2004 年，充实完善新时期军事战略方针，把军事斗争准备基点进一步调整为打赢信息化条件下的局部战争。  

中国社会主义性质和国家根本利益，走和平发展道路的客观要求，决定中国必须毫不动摇坚持积极防御战略思想，同时不断丰富和发展这一思想的内涵。根据国家安全和发展战略，适应新的历史时期形势任务要求，坚持实行积极防御军事战略方针，与时俱进加强军事战略指导，进一步拓宽战略视野、更新战略思维、前移指导重心，整体运筹备战与止战、维权与维稳、威慑与实战、战争行动与和平时期军事力量运用，注重深远经略，塑造有利态势，综合管控危

机，坚决遏制和打赢战争。

forces in  peacetime. They will lay stress on

farsighted planning and management to  create a favorable posture, comprehensively manage crises, and resolutely  deter and win wars.

To implement the military  strategic guideline of active defense in the new situation, China’s armed  forces will adjust the basic point for PMS. In line with the evolving form of  war and national security situation, the basic point for PMS will be placed  on winning informationized local wars, highlighting maritime military  struggle and maritime PMS. The armed forces will work to effectively control  major crises, properly handle possible chain reactions, and firmly safeguard  the country’s territorial sovereignty, integrity and security.

To implement the military strategic  guideline of active defense in the new situation, China’s armed forces will  innovate basic operational doctrines. In response to security threats from  different directions and in line with their current capabilities, the armed  forces will adhere to the principles of flexibility, mobility and  self-dependence so that “you fight your way and I fight my way.” Integrated  combat forces will be employed to prevail in system-vs- system operations  featuring information dominance, precision strikes and joint operations.

To implement the military strategic  guideline of active defense in the new situation, China’s armed forces will  optimize the military strategic layout. In view of China’s geostrategic  environment, the security threats it faces and the strategic tasks they  shoulder, the armed forces will make overall planning for strategic  deployment and military disposition, in order to clearly divide areas of  responsibility for their troops, and enable them to support each other and  act as an organic whole. Threats from such new security domains as outer  space and cyber space will be dealt with to maintain the common security of  the world community. China’s armed forces will strengthen international  security cooperation in areas crucially related to China’s overseas  interests, to ensure the security of such interests.

实行新形势下积极防御军事战略方针， 调整军事斗争准备基点。根据战争形态演变和国家安全形势，将军事斗争准备基点放在打赢信息化局部战争上，突出海上军事斗争和军事斗争准备，有效控制重大危机，妥善应对连锁反应，坚决捍卫国家领土主权、统一和安全。  

实行新形势下积极防御军事战略方针， 创新基本作战思想。根据各个方向安全威胁和军队能力建设实际，坚持灵活机动、自主作战的原则，你打你的、我打我的，运用诸军兵种一体化作战力量，  实施信息主导、精打要害、联合制胜的体系作战。

实行新形势下积极防御军事战略方针， 优化军事战略布局。根据中国地缘战略环境、面临安全威胁和军队战略任务，  构建全局统筹、分区负责，相互策应、互为一体的战略部署和军事布势；应对太空、网络空间等新型安全领域威胁， 维护共同安全；加强海外利益攸关区国际安全合作，维护海外利益安全。  

To implement the military strategic  guideline of active defense in the new situation, China’s armed forces will  uphold the following principles:

-- To be subordinate to and in the service  of the national strategic goal, implement the holistic view of national  security, strengthen PMS, prevent crises, deter and win wars;

-- To foster a strategic posture favorable  to China’s peaceful development, adhere to the national defense policy that  is defensive in nature, persevere in close coordination of political, military,  economic and diplomatic work, and positively cope with comprehensive security  threats the country possibly encounters;

-- To strike a balance between rights  protection and stability maintenance, and make overall planning for both,  safeguard national territorial sovereignty and maritime rights and interests,  and maintain security and stability along China’s periphery;

-- To endeavor to seize the strategic  initiative in military struggle, proactively plan for military struggle in  all directions and domains, and grasp the opportunities to accelerate  military building, reform and development;

-- To employ strategies and tactics  featuring flexibility and mobility, give full play to the overall  effectiveness of joint operations, concentrate superior forces, and make  integrated use of all operational means and methods;

-- To make serious preparations to cope  with the most complex and difficult scenarios, uphold bottom-line thinking,  and do a solid job in all aspects so as to ensure proper responses to such  scenarios with ease at any time and in any circumstances;

-- To bring into full play the unique  political advantages of the people’s armed forces, uphold the CPC’s absolute  leadership over the military, accentuate the cultivation of fighting spirit,  enforce strict  discipline,  improve  the  professionalism and

strength    of    the    troops,    build   closer relations

实行新形势下积极防御军事战略方针，

坚持以下原则：

--服从服务于国家战略目标，贯彻总体国家安全观，加强军事斗争准备，预防危机、遏制战争、打赢战争；  

-- 营造有利于国家和平发展的战略态势，坚持防御性国防政策，坚持政治、军事、经济、外交等领域斗争密切配合，积极应对国家可能面临的综合安全威胁；  

--保持维权维稳平衡，统筹维权和维稳两个大局，维护国家领土主权和海洋权益，维护周边安全稳定；  

--努力争取军事斗争战略主动，积极运筹谋划各方向各领域军事斗争，抓住机遇加快推进军队建设、改革和发展；  

--运用灵活机动的战略战术，发挥联合作战整体效能，集中优势力量，综合运用战法手段；

--立足应对最复杂最困难情况，坚持底线思维，扎实做好各项准备工作，确保妥善应对、措置裕如；  

--充分发挥人民军队特有的政治优势，  坚持党对军队的绝对领导，重视战斗精神培育，严格部队组织纪律性，纯洁巩

固部队，密切军政军民关系，鼓舞军心士气；

between the government and the military as  well as between the people and the military, and boost the morale of officers  and men;

-- To give full play to the overall power  of the concept of people’s war, persist in employing it as an ace weapon to  triumph over the enemy, enrich the contents, ways and means of the concept of  people’s war, and press forward with the shift of the focus of war  mobilization from human resources to science and technology; and

-- To actively expand military and security  cooperation, deepen military relations with major powers, neighboring  countries and other developing countries, and promote the establishment of a  regional framework for security and cooperation.

--发挥人民战争的整体威力，坚持把人民战争作为克敌制胜的重要法宝，拓展人民战争的内容和方式方法，推动战争动员以人力动员为主向以科技动员为主转变；

--积极拓展军事安全合作空间，深化与大国、周边、发展中国家的军事关系， 促  进 建 立 地 区 安 全 和 合 作 架 构 。

IV. Building and Development of  China’s Armed Forces

In the implementation of the military  strategic guideline in the new situation, China’s armed forces must closely  center around the CPC’s goal of building a strong military, respond to the  state’s core security needs, aim at building an informationized military and  winning informationized wars, deepen the reform of national defense and the  armed forces in an all-round way, build a modern system of military forces  with Chinese characteristics, and constantly enhance their capabilities for  addressing various security threats and accomplishing diversified military tasks.

Development of the Services and Arms of  the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and the People’s Armed Police Force (PAPF)

In line with the strategic requirement of  mobile operations and multi-dimensional offense and defense, the PLA Army  (PLAA) will continue to reorient from theater defense to trans-theater  mobility. In the process of building small, multi- functional and modular  units, the PLAA will adapt itself to tasks in different regions, develop the  capacity of its combat forces for different purposes, and construct a combat  force structure for joint operations. The PLAA will elevate its capabilities  for precise, multi-dimensional, trans-theater, multi- functional and  sustainable operations.

In line with the strategic requirement of  offshore waters defense and open seas protection, the PLA Navy (PLAN) will  gradually shift its focus from “offshore waters defense” to the combination  of “offshore waters defense” with “open seas protection,” and build a  combined, multi-functional and efficient marine combat force structure. The  PLAN will enhance its capabilities   for strategic

deterrence  and counterattack, maritime maneuvers, joint  operations at  sea,  comprehensive defense and

四、军事力量建设发展

贯彻新形势下军事战略方针，必须紧紧围绕实现中国共产党在新形势下的强军目标，以国家核心安全需求为导向，着眼建设信息化军队、打赢信息化战争，  全面深化国防和军队改革，努力构建中国特色现代军事力量体系，不断提高军队应对多种安全威胁、完成多样化军事任务的能力。

军兵种和武警部队发展

陆军按照机动作战、立体攻防的战略要求， 实现区域防卫型向全域机动型转变，加快小型化、多能化、模块化发展步伐，适应不同地区不同任务需要，组织作战力量分类建设，构建适应联合作战要求的作战力量体系，  提高精确作战、立体作战、全域作战、多能作战、持续作战能力。

海军按照近海防御、远海护卫的战略要求，逐步实现近海防御型向近海防御与远海护卫型结合转变，  构建合成、多能、高效的海上作战力量体系，提高战略威慑与反击、海上机动作战、海上联

comprehensive  support.

In line with the strategic  requirement of building air-space capabilities and conducting offensive and  defensive operations, the PLA Air Force (PLAAF) will endeavor to shift its  focus from territorial air defense to both defense and offense, and build an  air-space defense force structure that can meet the requirements of  informationized operations. The PLAAF will boost its capabilities for  strategic early warning, air strike, air and missile defense, information  countermeasures, airborne operations, strategic projection and comprehensive  support.

In line with the strategic  requirement of being lean and effective and possessing both nuclear and  conventional missiles, the PLA Second Artillery Force (PLASAF) will strive to  transform itself in the direction of informationization, press forward with  independent innovations in weaponry and equipment by reliance on science and  technology, enhance the safety, reliability and effectiveness of missile  systems, and improve the force structure featuring a combination of both  nuclear and conventional capabilities. The PLASAF will strengthen its  capabilities for strategic deterrence and nuclear counterattack, and medium-  and long- range precision strikes.

In line with the strategic requirement of  performing multiple functions and effectively maintaining social stability,  the PAPF will continue to develop its forces for guard and security,  contingency response, stability maintenance, counter-terrorism operations,  emergency rescue and disaster relief, emergency support and air support, and  work to improve a force structure which highlights guard duty, contingency  response, counter-terrorism and stability maintenance. The PAPF will enhance  its capabilities for performing diversified tasks centering on guard duty and  contingency response in informationized conditions.

合作战、综合防御作战和综合保障能力。

空军按照空天一体、攻防兼备的战略要求， 实现国土防空型向攻防兼备型转变，构建适应信息化作战需要的空天防御力量体系，  提高战略预警、空中打击、防空反导、信息对抗、空降作战、战略投送和综合保障能力。

第二炮兵按照精干有效、核常兼备的战略要求，加快推进信息化转型，依靠科技进步推动武器装备自主创新，增强导弹武器的安全性、可靠性、有效性，完善核常兼备的力量体系，提高战略威慑与核反击和中远程精确打击能力。  

武警部队按照多能一体、有效维稳的战略要求，发展执勤安保、处突维稳、反恐突击、抢险救援、应急保障、空中支援力量，完善以执勤处突和反恐维稳为主体的力量体系，提高以信息化条件下执勤处突能力为核心的完成多样化任务能力。  

Force Development in Critical Security  Domains

The seas and oceans bear on  the enduring peace, lasting stability and sustainable development of China.  The traditional mentality that land outweighs sea must be abandoned, and  great importance has to be attached to managing the seas and oceans and protecting  maritime rights and interests. It is necessary for China to develop a modern  maritime military force structure commensurate with its national security and  development interests, safeguard its national sovereignty and maritime rights  and interests, protect the security of strategic SLOCs and overseas  interests, and participate in international maritime cooperation, so as to  provide strategic support for building itself into a maritime power.

Outer space has become a commanding height  in international strategic competition. Countries concerned are developing  their space forces and instruments, and the first signs of weaponization of  outer space have appeared. China has all along advocated the peaceful use of  outer space, opposed the weaponization of and arms race in outer space, and  taken an active part in international space cooperation. China will keep  abreast of the dynamics of outer space, deal with security threats and  challenges in that domain, and secure its space assets to serve its national  economic and social development,  and  maintain  outer  space   security.

Cyberspace has become a new pillar of  economic and social development, and a new domain of national security. As  international strategic competition in cyberspace has been turning increasingly  fiercer, quite a few countries are developing their cyber military forces.  Being one of the major victims of hacker attacks, China is confronted with  grave security threats to its cyber infrastructure. As cyberspace weighs more  in military security, China will expedite the development of a cyber force,  and enhance its capabilities   of    cyberspace   situation   awareness,

cyber  defense, support for the country’s endeavors in    cyberspace   and   participation   in international

重大安全领域力量发展

海洋关系国家长治久安和可持续发展。必须突破重陆轻海的传统思维，高度重视经略海洋、维护海权。建设与国家安全和发展利益相适应的现代海上军事力量体系，维护国家主权和海洋权益，维护战略通道和海外利益安全，参与海洋国际合作，为建设海洋强国提供战略支撑。  

太空是国际战略竞争制高点。有关国家发展太空力量和手段，太空武器化初显端倪。中国一贯主张和平利用太空，反对太空武器化和太空军备竞赛，积极参与国际太空合作。密切跟踪掌握太空态势，应对太空安全威胁与挑战，保卫太空资产安全，服务国家经济建设和社会发展，维护太空安全。  

网络空间是经济社会发展新支柱和国家安全新领域。网络空间国际战略竞争日趋激烈，不少国家都在发展网络空间军事力量。中国是黑客攻击最大的受害国之一，  网络基础设施安全面临严峻威胁， 网络空间对军事安全影响逐步上升。加快网络空间力量建设，提高网络空间态势感知、网络防御、支援国家网络空间斗争和参与国际合作的能力，遏

cyber  cooperation, so as to stem major cyber crises,

ensure national network and information  security, and maintain national security and social  stability.

The nuclear force is a  strategic cornerstone for safeguarding national sovereignty and security.  China has always pursued the policy of no first use of nuclear weapons and  adhered to a self-defensive nuclear strategy that is defensive in nature.  China will unconditionally not use or threaten to use nuclear weapons against  non-nuclear-weapon states or in nuclear-weapon-free zones, and will never  enter into a nuclear arms race with any other country. China has always kept  its nuclear capabilities at the minimum level required for maintaining its  national security. China will optimize its nuclear force structure, improve  strategic early warning, command and control, missile penetration, rapid  reaction, and survivability and protection, and deter other countries from  using or threatening to use nuclear weapons against China.

Military Force Building Measures

Strengthening ideological and political  work. China’s armed forces always treat ideological and political building as  the first priority, and have endeavored to reinforce and improve their  political work in the new situation. They will continue to practice and carry  forward the Core Socialist Values,  cultivate the Core Values of Contemporary Revolutionary Service Personnel,  and carry forward their glorious traditions and fine styles. Moreover, the  armed forces will uphold a series of fundamental principles for and  institutions of the CPC’s absolute leadership over the military, enhance the  creativity, cohesion and combat effectiveness of their CPC organizations at  all levels, make great efforts to cultivate a new generation of revolutionary service personnel of noble  soul, competence, courage, uprightness and virtue,    and   ensure   that   the    armed   forces will

resolutely follow the  commands of the CPC Central

控网络空间重大危机，保障国家网络与信息安全，维护国家安全和社会稳定。  

核力量是维护国家主权和安全的战略基石。中国始终奉行不首先使用核武器的政策，坚持自卫防御的核战略，无条件不对无核武器国家和无核武器区使用或威胁使用核武器，不与任何国家进行核军备竞赛，核力量始终维持在维护国家安全需要的最低水平。建设完善核力量体系，提高战略预警、指挥控制、导弹突防、快速反应和生存防护能力，慑止他国对中国使用或威胁使用核武器。  

军事力量建设举措

加强思想政治建设。始终把思想政治建设摆在军队各项建设首位，加强和改进新形势下军队政治工作，弘扬和践行社会主义核心价值观，持续培育当代革命军人核心价值观，弘扬光荣传统和优良作风，坚持党对军队绝对领导的一系列根本原则和制度，增强各级党组织创造力、凝聚力、战斗力，  大力培养有灵魂、有本事、有血性、有品德的新一代革命军人，确保部队在任何时候任何情况下都坚决听从党中央、中央军委指挥，永葆人民军队的性质和宗旨。

Committee  and the CMC at all times and under all

conditions, and consistently retain the  nature and purpose of the people’s armed forces.

Pushing ahead with logistics modernization.  China’s armed forces will deepen logistics reform in relevant policies,  institutions and support forces, and optimize strategic logistics deployment.  They will innovate the modes of support, develop new support means, augment  war reserves, integrate logistics information systems, improve rules and  standards, and meticulously organize supply and support, so as to build a  logistics system that can provide support for fighting and winning modern  wars, serve the modernization of the armed forces, and transform towards informationization.

Developing advanced weaponry and equipment.  Persevering in information dominance, systems building, independent  innovation, sustainable development, overall planning, and emphasis on  priorities, China’s armed forces will speed up to upgrade weaponry and equipment,  and work to develop a weaponry and equipment system which can effectively  respond to informationized warfare and help fulfill the missions and tasks.

Cultivating new-type military personnel.  China’s armed forces will continue with the strategic project for personnel  training and perfect the system for military human resources. They will  deepen the reform of military educational institutions and improve the triad  training system for new-type military personnel - institutional education,  unit training and military professional education, so as to pool more  talented people and cultivate more personnel who can meet the demands of  informationized warfare.

Intensifying efforts in running the armed  forces with strict discipline and in accordance with the law. Aiming at  strengthening the revolutionization, modernization and regularization of the  armed forces in all respects, China will innovate and develop theories and  practice in relation to running the   armed    forces   in   accordance   with   the law,

establish    a   well-knit   military   law    system with

推进现代后勤建设。深化后勤政策制度和后勤保障力量改革，优化战略后勤布势，  创新保障模式， 发展新型保障手段，充实战备物资储备，集成建设后勤信息系统，完善法规标准体系，精心组织供应保障，建设保障打赢现代化战争的后勤、服务部队现代化建设的后勤和向信息化转型的后勤。  

发展先进武器装备。坚持信息主导、体系建设，坚持自主创新、持续发展，坚持统筹兼顾、突出重点，加快武器装备更新换代，构建适应信息化战争和履行使命要求的武器装备体系。  

抓好新型军事人才培养。大力实施人才战略工程，完善军事人力资源制度，深化军队院校改革，健全军队院校教育、部队训练实践、军事职业教育三位一体的新型军事人才培养体系，吸引更多优秀人才，培养和造就适应信息化战争需要的人才群体。  

深入推进依法治军从严治军。着眼全面加强军队革命化现代化正规化建设，创新发展依法治军理论和实践，构建完善的中国特色军事法治体系，提高国防和

Chinese  characteristics, so as to elevate the level of

rule by law of national  defense and armed forces building.

Innovating military theories.  Under the guidance of the CPC’s innovative theories, China’s armed forces  will intensify their studies of military operations, probe into the  mechanisms of winning modern wars, innovate strategies and tactics featuring  mobility and flexibility, and develop theories on military building in the  new situation, so as to bring into place a system of advanced military  theories commensurate with the requirement of winning future wars.

Improving strategic management. It is  necessary to optimize the functions and institutions of the CMC and the  general headquarters/departments, improve the leadership and management  system of the services and arms, and adhere to demand-based planning and  plan-based resource allocation. China’s armed forces will set up a system and  a working mechanism for overall and coordinated programming and planning.  They will also intensify overall supervision and management of strategic  resources, strengthen the in-process supervision and risk control of major  projects, improve mechanisms for strategic assessment, and set up and improve  relevant assessment systems and complementary standards and codes.

In-depth Development of Civil-Military  Integration (CMI)

Following the guiding principle of  integrating military with civilian purposes and combining military efforts  with civilian support, China will forge further ahead with CMI by constantly  bettering the mechanisms, diversifying the forms, expanding the scope and  elevating the level of the integration, so as to endeavor to bring into place  an all-element, multi-domain and cost-efficient pattern of CMI.

Accelerating CMI in key  sectors. With stronger policy   support,   China   will   work   to   establish

uniform    military    and    civilian    standards   for

军队建设法治化水平。

推动军事理论创新。坚持以党的创新理论为指导，加强作战问题研究，深入探索现代战争制胜机理，创新机动灵活的战略战术，  发展新形势下军队建设理论，形成与打赢未来战争相适应的先进军事理论体系。

强化战略管理。优化军委总部领导机关职能配置和机构设置，完善各军兵种领导管理体制，坚持需求牵引规划、规划主导资源配置。强化规划编制统筹协调，健全规划编制体系，构建规划管理工作机制。加强战略资源统筹监管，强化重大项目过程监管和风险控制。健全完善战略评估机制，建立健全评估体系和配套标准规范。

军民融合深度发展

贯彻军民结合、寓军于民的方针，深入推进军民融合式发展，不断完善融合机制、丰富融合形式、拓展融合范围、提升融合层次，  努力形成全要素、多领域、高效益的军民融合深度发展格局。

加快重点建设领域军民融合式发展。加大政策扶持力度，全面推进基础领域、

infrastructure,  key technological areas and major

industries, explore the ways and means for  training military personnel in civilian educational institutions, developing  weaponry and equipment by national defense industries, and outsourcing  logistics support to civilian support systems. China encourages joint  building and utilization of military and civilian infrastructure, joint  exploration of the sea, outer space and air, and shared use of such resources  as surveying and mapping, navigation, meteorology and frequency spectra.  Accordingly, military and civilian resources can be more compatible,  complementary and mutually accessible.

Building a mechanism for operating CMI. At  the state level, it is necessary to establish a mechanism for CMI  development, featuring unified leadership, military-civilian coordination,  abutment of military and civilian needs, and resource sharing. Furthermore,  it is necessary to improve the management responsibilities of relevant  military and civilian institutions, improve the general standards for both  the military and the civilian sectors, make studies on the establishment of a  policy system in which the government makes the investment, offers tax  incentives and financial support, and expedites legislation promoting  military-civilian coordinated development, so as to form a pattern featuring  overall military-civilian planning and coordinated development. It is also  necessary to push forward with the shared utilization of military  capabilities and those of other sectors, and establish a mechanism for joint  civil- military response to major crises  and emergencies.

Improving the systems and mechanisms of  national defense mobilization. China will enhance education in national  defense and boost the awareness of the general public in relation to national  defense. It will continue to strengthen the building of the reserve force,  optimize its structure, and increase its proportion in the PLAN, PLAAF and  PLASAF as well as in combat support forces. The ways to organize  and  employ reserve  forces  will  be more

diversified.  China will devote more efforts to science    and    technology    in    national   defense

重点技术领域和主要行业标准军民通用，探索完善依托国家教育体系培养军队人才、依托国防工业体系发展武器装备、依托社会保障体系推进后勤社会化保障的方法路子。广泛开展军民合建共用基础设施，推动军地海洋、太空、空域、测绘、导航、气象、频谱等资源合理开发和合作使用，促进军地资源互通互补互用。  

完善军地统筹建设运行模式。在国家层面建立军民融合发展的统一领导、军地协调、需求对接、资源共享机制，健全军地有关部门管理职责，完善军民通用标准体系，探索构建政府投入、税收激励、金融支持政策体系，加快推进军地统筹建设立法工作进程，逐步形成军地统筹、协调发展的整体格局。推进军事力量与各领域力量综合运用，建立完善军地联合应对重大危机和突发事件行动机制。  

健全国防动员体制机制。加强国防教育，增强全民国防观念。加强后备力量建设，优化预备役部队结构，增加军兵种预备役力量和担负支援保障任务力量的比重，创新后备力量编组运用模式。增强国防动员科技含量，搞好信息资源征用保障动员准备，强化专业保障队伍

mobilization,    be   more   readily  prepared   for the

requisition of information  resources, and build specialized support forces. China aims to build a  national defense mobilization system that can meet the  requirements  of  winning informationized wars

and  responding to both emergencies and wars.

建设，建成与打赢信息化战争相适应、应急应战一体的国防动员体系。  

V.  Preparation for Military Struggle

Preparation for military struggle (PMS) is  a basic military practice and an important guarantee for safeguarding peace,  containing crises and winning wars. To expand and intensify PMS, China’s  armed forces must meet the requirement of being capable of fighting and  winning, focus on solving major problems and difficulties, and do solid work  and make relentless efforts in practical preparations, in order to enhance  their overall capabilities for deterrence and warfighting.

Enhancing capabilities for system-vs-system  operations based on information systems. China’s armed forces will quicken  their steps to transform the generating mode of combat effectiveness, work to  use information systems to integrate a wide range of operational forces,  modules and elements into overall operational capacity, and gradually  establish an integrated joint operational system in which all elements are  seamlessly linked and various operational platforms perform independently and  in coordination. China’s armed forces will endeavor to address the pressing  problems constraining the capabilities for system-vs-system operations. They  will make further exploration and more efficient utilization of information  resources, strengthen the building of the systems of reconnaissance, early-  warning and command and control, develop medium- and long-range precision  strike capabilities, and improve the comprehensive support systems. In  accordance with the requirement of being authoritative, streamlined, agile  and efficient, they will strive to establish and improve the CMC command  organ and theater- level command systems for joint operations.

Pushing ahead with PMS in all directions  and domains. Due to its complex geostrategic environment, China faces various  threats and challenges in all its strategic directions and security domains.  Therefore, PMS must be carried out in a well-planned, prioritized,  comprehensive and coordinated way, so as to maintain the balance and  stability of  the  overall  strategic  situation. China’s

armed forces will make  overall planning for PMS in both traditional and new security domains, and get

五、军事斗争准备

军事斗争准备是军队的基本实践活动， 是维护和平、遏制危机、打赢战争的重要保证。拓展和深化军事斗争准备，必须按照能打仗、打胜仗的要求，坚持以解决重点难点问题为导向，真抓实备、常备不懈，全面提高军队威慑和实战能力。

增强基于信息系统的体系作战能力。加快转变战斗力生成模式，运用信息系统把各种作战力量、作战单元、作战要素融合集成为整体作战能力，逐步构建作战要素无缝链接、作战平台自主协同的一体化联合作战体系。着力解决制约体系作战能力的突出矛盾和问题，推进信息资源深度开发和高效利用，加强侦察预警系统和指挥控制系统建设，发展中远程精确打击力量，完善综合保障体  系。按照权威、精干、灵便、高效的要求，建立健全军委联合作战指挥机构和战区联合作战指挥体制。

统筹推进各方向各领域军事斗争准备。中国地缘战略环境复杂，各战略方向、各安全领域都存在不同威胁和挑战，必须统筹全局、突出重点，促进军事斗争准备全面协调发展，保持战略全局平衡和稳定。统筹传统安全领域和新型安全

领域军事斗争准备，做好维护国家主权

ready to  safeguard national sovereignty and

security, protect the country’s maritime  rights and interests, and deal with armed conflicts and emergencies. To adapt  to the upgrading of weaponry and equipment as well as changes of operational  patterns, China’s armed forces will further optimize battlefield disposition  and strengthen strategic prepositioning.

Maintaining constant combat readiness.  China’s armed forces will continue to improve its routine combat readiness,  maintain a posture of high alertness, and conscientiously organize border,  coastal and air defense patrols and guard duties. The PLAA will improve its  combat readiness system with inter-connected strategic directions, combined  arms and systematized operational support, so as to ensure agile maneuvers  and effective response. The PLAN will continue to organize and perform  regular combat readiness patrols and maintain a military presence in relevant  sea areas. The PLAAF will continue to observe the principles of applicability  in peacetime and wartime, all-dimensional response and full territorial  reach, and maintain vigilant and efficient combat readiness. The PLASAF will  continue to keep an appropriate level of vigilance in peacetime. By observing  the principles of combining peacetime and wartime demands, maintaining all  time vigilance and being action-ready, it will prefect the integrated,  functional, agile and efficient operational duty system.

Enhancing realistic military training. The  PLA will continue to attach strategic importance to combat training in  realistic conditions, and strictly temper the troops according to the Outline  of Military Training and Evaluation (OMTE). It will constantly innovate  operational and training methods, improve military training criteria and  regulations, and work to build large-scale comprehensive training bases in an  effort to provide real-combat environments for training. The PLA will  continue to conduct live- setting training, IT-based simulated training, and  face-on-face confrontation training in line with real- combat criteria, and  strengthen command post training and joint and combined training. It will  intensify training in complex electro-magnetic environments, complex and  unfamiliar terrains, and complex  weather  conditions.  It  will  also set up a

training supervision  and inspection system, so as to

和安全、维护国家海洋权益、应对武装冲突和突发事件准备。适应武器装备更新换代和作战样式发展变化，进一步优化战场布局，加强战略预置。

保持常备不懈的战备状态。全面提高日常战备水平，保持高度戒备态势，周密组织边海空防战备巡逻和执勤。陆军部队构建各战略方向衔接、多兵种联合、作战保障配套的战备力量体系布局，保持迅即能动和有效应对的良好状态。海军部队组织和实施常态化战备巡逻，在相关海域保持军事存在。空军部队坚持平战一体、全域反应、全疆到达的原  则，保持灵敏高效的战备状态。第二炮兵平时保持适度戒备状态，按照平战结合、常备不懈、随时能战的原则，构建要素集成、功能完备、灵敏高效的作战值班体系。

提高军事训练实战化水平。坚持把实战化军事训练摆在战略位置，从实战需要出发从难从严训练部队，严格按纲施  训，加强战法训法创新，完善军事训练标准和法规体系，加快大型综合性训练基地建设，构建实战化训练环境。深入开展基于实战需求的模拟实景训练、基于信息技术的模拟仿真训练、符合实战标准的实兵对抗训练，加强首长机关指挥训练和诸军兵种联合训练，加大在复杂电磁环境、复杂陌生地域、复杂气象条件下训练力度。建立健全训练监察督察制度，努力使训练和实战达到一体

incorporate  real-combat  requirements into training.

Preparing for military  operations other than war (MOOTWs). As a necessary requirement for China’s  armed forces to fulfill their responsibilities and missions in the new period  as well as an important approach to enhancing their operational capabilities,  the armed forces will continue to conduct such MOOTWs as emergency rescue and  disaster relief, counter-terrorism and stability maintenance, rights and  interests protection, guard duty, international peacekeeping, and  international humanitarian assistance and disaster relief (HADR). They will  work to incorporate MOOTW capacity building into military modernization and  PMS, and pay special attention to establishing emergency command mechanisms,  building emergency forces, training professionals, supporting task-specific  equipment, and formulating relevant policies and regulations. Military  emergency-response command systems will be tuned into state emergency  management mechanisms. China’s armed forces will persist in unified  organization and command, scientific employment of forces, rapid and  efficient actions,  and  strict  observation  of  related policies

and  regulations.

化。

组织非战争军事行动准备。遂行抢险救灾、反恐维稳、维护权益、安保警戒、国际维和、国际救援等非战争军事行动任务，是新时期军队履行职责使命的必然要求和提升作战能力的重要途径。把非战争军事行动能力建设纳入部队现代化建设和军事斗争准备全局中筹划和实施，抓好应急指挥机制、应急力量建  设、专业人才培养、适用装备保障以及健全相关政策法规等方面的工作。促进军队处置突发事件应急指挥机制与国家应急管理机制协调运行，坚持统一组织指挥、科学使用兵力、快速高效行动和严守政策规定。

VI. Military and Security Cooperation

Pursuing a security concept featuring  common, comprehensive, cooperative and sustainable security, China’s armed  forces will continue to develop military-to-military relations that are non-  aligned, non-confrontational and not directed against any third party. They  will strive to establish fair and effective collective security mechanisms  and military confidence-building  measures (CBMs), expand military and  security cooperation, and create a security environment favorable to China’s  peaceful development.

Developing all-round military-to-military  relations. China’s armed forces will further their exchanges and cooperation  with the Russian military within the framework of the comprehensive strategic  partnership of coordination between China and Russia, and foster a  comprehensive, diverse and sustainable framework to promote military  relations in more fields and at more levels. China’s armed forces will  continue to foster a new model of military relationship with the US armed  forces that conforms to the new model of major-country relations between the  two countries, strengthen defense dialogues, exchanges and cooperation, and  improve the CBM mechanism for the notification  of major military  activities as well as the rules of behavior for safety of air and maritime  encounters, so as to strengthen mutual trust, prevent risks and manage  crises. In the spirit of neighborhood diplomacy of friendship, sincerity,  reciprocity and inclusiveness, China’s armed forces will further develop  relations with their counterparts in neighboring countries. Also, they will  work to raise the level of military relations with European counterparts,  continue the traditional friendly military ties with their African, Latin  American and Southern Pacific counterparts. China’s armed forces will work to  further defense and security cooperation      in      the      Shanghai   Cooperation

Organization  (SCO), and continue to participate in multilateral dialogues and cooperation mechanisms

六、军事安全合作

中国军队坚持共同安全、综合安全、合作安全、可持续安全的安全观，发展不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的军事关系，推动建立公平有效的集体安全机制和军事互信机制，积极拓展军事安全合作空间，营造有利于国家和平发展的安全环境。

全方位发展对外军事关系。深化中俄两军在两国全面战略协作伙伴关系框架下的交流合作，逐步构建全面多元、可持续的机制架构，推动两军关系向更广领域、更深层次发展。构建与中美新型大国关系相适应的新型军事关系，加强防务领域对话、交流与合作，完善重大军事行动相互通报信任措施机制和海空相遇安全行为准则，增进互信、防范风  险、管控危机。按照亲诚惠容的周边外交理念，巩固和发展与周边国家军事关系。提升与欧洲国家军事关系水平，发展与非洲、拉美、南太平洋国家的传统友好军事关系。深化上海合作组织防务安全合作，参加东盟防长扩大会、东盟地区论坛、香格里拉对话会、雅加达国际防务对话会、西太平洋海军论坛等多边对话与合作机制，举办香山论坛等多

such as the  ASEAN Defense Ministers’ Meeting

Plus (ADMM+), ASEAN Regional  Forum (ARF), Shangri-La Dialogue (SLD), Jakarta International Defence  Dialogue (JIDD) and Western Pacific Naval Symposium (WPNS). The Chinese  military will continue to host multilateral events like the Xiangshan Forum,  striving to establish a new framework for security and cooperation conducive  to peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region.

Pushing ahead with pragmatic military  cooperation. On the basis of mutual respect, equality, mutual benefit and  all-win cooperation, China’s armed forces will continue to carry out  pragmatic cooperation with their counterparts in various countries of the  world. In response to the changing situation, China’s armed forces will  constantly explore new fields, new contents and new models of cooperation  with other militaries, so as to jointly deal with a diverse range of security  threats and challenges. Extensive dialogues and exchanges will be conducted  with foreign militaries on defense policy, services and arms building,  institutional education, logistics and other subjects to promote mutual  understanding, mutual trust and mutual learning. The Chinese military will  also strengthen cooperation with related countries in personnel training,  material assistance, equipment and technology, so as to strengthen mutual  support and enhance respective defensive capabilities. Bilateral and  multilateral joint exercises and training, involving various services and  arms, will be conducted at multiple levels and in various domains to enhance  joint operational capabilities. The Chinese military will work to extend the  subjects of such training and exercises from non-traditional to traditional  security areas. It will actively participate in international maritime  security dialogues and cooperation, and jointly deal with traditional and  non-traditional maritime security threats.

Fulfilling international responsibilities  and obligations. China’s armed forces will continue to participate in UN  peacekeeping missions, strictly observe the mandates of the UN Security  Council, maintain its commitment to the peaceful settlement of conflicts,  promote development and reconstruction,  and  safeguard  regional  peace and

security.  China’s armed forces will continue to take an  active  part  in  international  disaster rescue and

边活动，推动建立有利于亚太地区和平稳定繁荣的安全和合作新架构。

推进务实性军事合作。坚持在相互尊  重、平等互利、合作共赢的基础上，与世界各国军队开展务实合作。适应形势变化，不断探索合作的新领域、新内  容、新模式，共同应对多种安全威胁和挑战。与外军在防务政策、军兵种建 设、院校教育、后勤建设等领域广泛开展对话交流，增进了解互信，相互学习借鉴。加强与有关国家军队在人员培  训、军事物资援助、装备技术等领域的合作，相互支持，提高各自防卫作战能力。开展多层次、多领域、多军兵种的双边多边联演联训，推动演训科目从非传统安全领域向传统安全领域拓展，提高联合行动能力。积极参与国际海上安全对话与合作，坚持合作应对海上传统安全威胁和非传统安全威胁。

履行国际责任和义务。参与联合国维和行动，履行安理会授权，致力于和平解决冲突，促进发展和重建，维护地区和平与安全。积极参加国际灾难救援和人道主义援助，派遣专业救援力量赴受灾

humanitarian    assistance,    dispatch   professional

rescue teams to  disaster-stricken areas for relief and disaster reduction, provide relief  materials and medical aid, and strengthen international exchanges in the  fields of rescue and disaster reduction. Through the aforementioned  operations, the armed forces can also enhance their own capabilities and  expertise. Faithfully fulfilling China’s international obligations, the  country’s armed forces will continue to carry out escort missions in the Gulf  of Aden and other sea areas as required, enhance exchanges and cooperation  with naval task forces  of other countries, and jointly secure  international SLOCs. China’s armed forces will engage in extensive regional  and international security affairs, and promote the establishment of the  mechanisms of emergency notification, military risk precaution, crisis  management and conflict control. With the growth of national strength,  China’s armed forces will gradually intensify their participation in such  operations as international peacekeeping and humanitarian assistance, and do  their utmost to shoulder more international responsibilities and  obligations,  provide  more  public  security goods,

and  contribute more to world peace and common development.

国救援减灾，提供救援物资与医疗救  助，加强救援减灾国际交流，提高遂行任务能力和专业化水平。忠实履行国际义务，根据需要继续开展亚丁湾等海域的护航行动，加强与多国护航力量交流合作，共同维护国际海上通道安全。广泛参与地区和国际安全事务，推动建立突发情况通报、军事危险预防、危机冲突管控等机制。随着国力不断增强，中国军队将加大参与国际维和、国际人道主义救援等行动的力度，在力所能及范围内承担更多国际责任和义务，提供更多公共安全产品，为维护世界和平、促进共同发展作出更大贡献。